銆愭収鑱扮啽娉电恫(w菐ng)銆戠啽娉典綔鐐烘彁渚涚啽閲忕殑涓昏瑷�(sh猫)鍌欎箣涓€锛屼互鍏跺皪鐠�(hu谩n)澧冨弸鍠勫強绡€(ji茅)绱勮兘婧愮瓑鐗归粸(di菐n)锛屽湪瑷卞闋�(l菒ng)鍩熷緱鍒颁簡寤ｆ硾鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆傚湪鏈枃涓�銆備綔鐢ㄩ鍏堝洖椤т簡鐔辨车鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曟鍙诧紝浠嬬垂浜嗙啽娉电殑绋銆佺壒榛�(di菐n)銆佷娇鐢ㄥ牬鍚堝強姊濅欢锛屽皪骞剧ó涓昏鐔辨车鍦ㄦ噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄩ亷绋嬩腑瀛樺湪鐨勫晱椤岄€�(j矛n)琛屼簡瑷庤珫锛屽垎鏋愪簡鐔辨车鎶€琛�(sh霉)鐨勭爺绌堕€�(j矛n)灞曘€佹噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ従(xi脿n)鐙€鍙婄浉闂�(gu膩n)鏂版妧琛�(sh霉)銆�

    1銆佺啽娉佃垏鍒跺喎姗�(j墨)

    鐔辨车鏄竴绋互鍐峰嚌鍣ㄦ斁鍑虹殑鐔遍噺灏嶈瑾�(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)鐠�(hu谩n)澧冮€�(j矛n)琛屼緵鐔辩殑涓€绋埗鍐风郴绲�(t菕ng)銆傚氨鐔辨车绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勭啽鐗╃悊閬庣▼鑰岃█锛屽緸宸ヤ綔鍘熺悊鎴栫啽鍔涘(xu茅)鐨勮搴︾湅锛屽畠鏄埗鍐锋(j墨)鐨勪竴绋壒娈婁娇鐢ㄥ瀷寮忋€傚畠鑸囦竴鑸埗鍐锋(j墨)鐨勪富瑕佸崁(q奴)鍒ュ湪浜庯細

    鈶犱娇鐢ㄧ殑鐩殑涓嶅悓銆傜啽娉电殑鐩殑鍦ㄤ簬鍒剁啽锛岀爺绌剁殑钁楃溂榛�(di菐n)鏄伐璩�(zh矛)鍦ㄧ郴绲�(t菕ng)楂樺鍋�(c猫)閫氶亷鎻涚啽鍣ㄨ垏澶栫晫鐠�(hu谩n)澧冧箣闁撶殑鐔遍噺浜ゆ彌锛涘埗鍐锋(j墨)鐨勭洰鐨勫湪浜庡埗鍐锋垨浣庢韩锛岀爺绌剁殑钁楃溂榛�(di菐n)鏄伐璩�(zh矛)鍦ㄧ郴绲�(t菕ng)浣庡鍋�(c猫)閫氶亷鎻涚啽鍣ㄨ垏澶栫晫涔嬮枔鐨勬彌鐔�锛�

    鈶＄郴绲�(t菕ng)宸ヤ綔鐨勬韩搴﹀崁(q奴)鍩熶笉鍚�銆傜啽娉垫槸灏囩挵(hu谩n)澧冩韩搴︿綔鐐轰綆婧�?z茅)宓�?锛屽皣琚(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)灏嶈薄浣滅偤楂樻韩?z茅)宓�?锛涘埗鍐锋(j墨)鍓囨槸灏囩挵(hu谩n)澧冩韩搴︿綔鐐洪珮婧�?z茅)宓�?锛屽皣琚(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)灏嶈薄浣滅偤浣庢韩?z茅)宓�?銆傚洜鑰岋紝?d膩ng)鐠�(hu谩n)澧冩浠剁浉鐣�(d膩ng)鏅�锛岀啽娉电郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勫伐浣滄韩搴﹂珮浜庡埗鍐风郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勫伐浣滄韩搴�銆�

    2銆佺啽娉电殑鐢变締鍙婁富瑕佹噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ瀷寮�

    2.1鐔辨车鐨勭敱渚�

    闅ㄨ憲宸ユキ(y猫)闈╁懡鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�锛�19涓栫磤(j矛)鍒�锛屼汉鍊戝皪鑳藉惁灏囩啽閲忓緸婧害杓冧綆鐨勪粙璩�(zh矛)“娉�”閫佸埌婧害杓冮珮鐨勪粙璩�(zh矛)涓€欎竴鍟忛鐧�(f膩)鐢熶簡婵冨帤鐨勮垐瓒�銆傝嫳鍦嬬墿鐞嗗(xu茅)瀹禞.P.Joule鎻愬嚭浜�“閫氶亷鏀硅畩鍙绺祦楂旂殑澹撳姏灏辫兘澶犱娇鍏舵韩搴︾櫦(f膩)鐢熻畩鍖�”鐨勫師鐞�銆�1854骞�锛學.Thomson鏁欐巿锛堝嵆澶у鐔熺煡鐨凩ordKelvin鍕涚埖锛夌櫦(f膩)琛ㄨ珫鏂囷紝鎻愬嚭浜嗙啽閲忓€嶅鍣紙HeatMultiplier锛夌殑姒傚康锛岄娆℃弿杩颁簡鐔辨车鐨勮ō(sh猫)鎯�銆�

    鐣�(d膩ng)鏅�锛岀啽娉典緵鏆栫殑灏嶈薄涓昏鏄皯鐢�锛屼緵鏆栭渶姹傜附閲忓皬锛岀壒鍒ユ槸灏嶇敱浜庨噰鏆栨柟寮忓強鍏跺皪鐠�(hu谩n)澧冪殑褰遍熆灏氭矑鏈夎冻澶犵殑鎰忚瓨銆備汉鍊戦噰鏆栫殑鏂瑰紡涓昏鏄噧鐓ゅ拰鏈ㄦ潗锛屽洜鑰岋紝鐔辨车鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曢暦鏈熸槑椤化鍚庝簬鍒跺喎姗�(j墨)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�銆�

    涓婁笘绱€(j矛)30骞翠唬锛岄毃钁楁盁鍒╂槀鍒跺喎姗�(j墨)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�锛岀啽娉垫湁浜嗚純蹇殑鐧�(f膩)灞�銆傜壒鍒ユ槸浜屾埌(zh脿n)浠ュ悗锛屽伐妤�(y猫)缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鐨勯暦瓒崇櫦(f膩)灞曞付渚嗙殑灏嶄緵鐔辩殑澶ч噺闇€姹傚強鐩稿皪鑳芥簮鐭己锛屼績閫�(j矛n)浜嗗ぇ鍨嬩緵鐔卞強宸ユキ(y猫)鐢ㄧ啽娉电殑鐧�(f膩)灞曘€�1973骞寸殑鍏ㄧ悆鎬ц兘婧愬嵄姗�(j墨)锛岄€�(j矛n)涓€姝ヤ績閫�(j矛n)浜嗙啽娉靛湪鍏ㄤ笘鐣岃寖鍦嶅収(n猫i)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�銆�

    2.2鐔辨车鐨勪富瑕佹噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ瀷寮�

    鎸夌収鐔辨车绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勭啽鍔涘惊鐠�(hu谩n)鍨嬪紡锛岄€氬父灏囩啽娉靛垎鐐哄涓嬪叚椤烇細

    鈶犺捀姘ｅ绺紡鐔辨车

    鑸囧埗鍐锋(j墨)涓€妯�锛岃捀姘ｅ绺紡绯荤当(t菕ng)涔熸槸鐔辨车鏈€涓昏鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ瀷寮�銆傛寜鐓т綆婧�?z茅)宓╃c渚涚啽浠嬭唱(zh矛)鐨勭祫鍚堟柟寮忎笉鍚岋紝钂告埃澹撶府寮忕啽娉电郴绲�(t菕ng)鍙堝垎鐐虹┖姘�——绌烘埃鐔辨车銆佺┖姘�——姘寸啽娉�銆佹按——姘寸啽娉�銆佹按——绌烘埃鐔辨车銆佸湴?z茅)?mdash;—绌烘埃鐔辨簮鐔辨车鍜屽湡澹ょ啽婧�——姘寸啽娉电瓑骞剧ó涓昏鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ瀷寮�銆�

    鈶℃埃楂斿绺紡鐔辨车

    鑸囪捀姘ｅ绺紡绯荤当(t菕ng)鐔辨车涓嶅悓鐨勬槸锛屽湪閫欓鐔辨车绯荤当(t菕ng)涓�锛屽伐浣滀粙璩�(zh矛)鐨勫伐浣滃崁(q奴)鍩�?y脿n)妾玘鐔卞崁(q奴)銆傚皪浜庢埃楂斿绺紡鐔辨车绯荤当(t菕ng)锛岀洰鍓嶄富瑕佷互浜屾哀鍖栫⒊銆佹繒绌烘埃浣滅偤宸ヤ綔浠嬭唱(zh矛)鐨勭啽娉电郴绲�(t菕ng)鍙婄浉闂�(gu膩n)鎶€琛�(sh霉)锛屾槸鐩搁棞(gu膩n)闋�(l菒ng)鍩熺爺绌剁殑鍏╅鐔遍粸(di菐n)瑾查銆備娇鐢ㄦ繒绌烘埃浣滅偤宸ヤ綔浠嬭唱(zh矛)鐨勭┖瑾�(di脿o)鐔辨车绯荤当(t菕ng)鍙婅缃�锛屼互寰€涓昏鐢ㄤ簬鑸ぉ鏂归潰锛屼緥濡備綔鐐洪姗�(j墨)瀹㈣墮鐨勭┖姘ｈ(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)鐢ㄥ喎銆佺啽婧愯ō(sh猫)鍌欍€傚皪浜庝娇鐢ㄦ繒绌烘埃浣滅偤宸ヤ綔浠嬭唱(zh矛)鐨勭┖瑾�(di脿o)鐔辨车绯荤当(t菕ng)鍦ㄦ櫘閫氬伐妤�(y猫)鎴栨皯鐢ㄥ缓绛戠挵(hu谩n)澧冭(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ殑鍙兘鎬�锛屼綔鑰呮浘缍�(j墨ng)浣滄枃鎺㈣◣銆�

    鈶㈣捀姘ｅ櫞灏勫紡鐔辨车

    钂告埃鍣村皠寮忕啽娉电殑宸ヤ綔鑸囧師鐞嗚垏钂告埃澹撶府寮忕啽娉靛熀鏈浉鍚�锛屽彧鏄敱钂告埃鍣村皠鍣ㄤ唬鏇垮绺(j墨)銆傞€欑ó鐔辨车涓昏鐢ㄤ簬鐔遍浕寤犵稖鍚堢啽鑳藉埄鐢ㄤ腑锛岃垏鍚告敹寮忕啽娉电浉姣�锛岄€欑ó鐔辨车鏁堢巼杓冧綆锛岀洰鍓嶈純灏戦噰鐢�銆�

    鈶ｅ惛鏀跺紡鐔辨车

    鍚告敹寮忕啽娉垫槸涓€绋埄鐢ㄤ綆鍝佷綅鐔辨簮瀵�(sh铆)鐝�(xi脿n)灏囩啽閲忓緸浣庢韩?z茅)宓╁耿鐩熸嫋铓嬮偡璨�(z茅)宓╁惞闅绢劍h(hu谩n)绯荤当(t菕ng)銆傚父鐢ㄧ殑宸ヨ唱(zh矛)灏嶆槸“姘�-婧村寲閶帮紙鍏朵腑锛屼互婧村寲閶扮█婧舵恫鐐哄伐璩�(zh矛)锛屼互婧村寲閶版績婧舵恫鐐哄惛鏀跺姂锛�”銆�“姘�-姘达紙鍏朵腑锛屼互姘ㄧ偤宸ヨ唱(zh矛)锛屼互姘村惛鏀跺姂锛�”銆�“姘�-姘寲閳ｏ紙鍏朵腑锛屼互閶佸寲閳ｇ█婧舵恫鐐哄伐璩�(zh矛)锛屼互姘寲閳ｆ績婧舵恫鐐哄惛鏀跺姂锛�”銆�

    鈶ょ啽闆诲紡鐔辨车

    鐔遍浕寮忕啽娉靛張绋辩偤婧樊闆荤啽娉�銆傚畠鏄埄鐢≒eltier鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛屽嵆鐣�(d膩ng)鐩存祦闆婚€氶亷浜嗗叐绋笉鍚屽皫(d菐o)楂旂祫鎴愮殑鍥炶矾鏅�锛屽氨鏈冨湪鍥炶矾鐨勫叐鍊嬮€ｆ帴绔敘(ch菐n)鐢熸韩宸従(xi脿n)璞�銆�

    鐔遍浕寮忕啽娉靛叿鏈夌劇閬�(y霉n)鍕曢儴浠�锛屽伐浣滃彲闈狅紝澹藉懡闀�锛屾帶鍒惰(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)鏂逛究锛屾尟鍕曞皬锛屽櫔鑱蹭綆锛屽皪鐠�(hu谩n)澧冩薄鏌撳皬绛夌壒榛�(di菐n)锛屼絾鐔遍浕鍫嗙殑鎴愭湰杓冮珮鑰屼笖鏁堢巼杓冧綆锛屽洜鑰屼富瑕佺敤浜庝竴浜涚壒娈婂牬鍚�銆�

    鈶ュお闄借兘鐔辨车

    閫欑ó鐔辨车浠ュお闄借兘闆嗙啽鍣ㄤ綔鐐虹啽婧�銆傚湒3鎵€绀虹殑鏄叾涓竴绋柟妗堢殑澶櫧鑳界啽娉垫祦绋嬨€�
 

    闄や笂杩板咕绋啽娉靛锛岄倓鏈夊寲瀛�(xu茅)鐔辨车鍜屽惛闄勫紡鐔辨车銆佹甫娴佺鐔辨车绛夊叾瀹冧富瑕佺敤浜庝竴浜涚壒娈婂牬鍚堢殑鍏跺畠褰㈠紡鐨勭啽娉�銆�